Altered gut homeostasis, or dysbiosis, is associated with various intestinal and extra-intestinal chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and diabetes. It exerts beneficial properties by enhancing intestinal microbial homeostasis and modulating the host’s immune response to pathogens. Probiotic therapy or bacteriotherapy is an oral supplement of live microorganisms with multiple health benefits. This has prompted investigations for well-tolerated and cost-effective therapies that effectively reduce disease severity and symptom burden among patients and potentially decrease healthcare resource utilization.

Up to 20% of all COVID-19 cases were manifested by GI symptoms alone and may be associated with longer disease duration and/or severity. More than 50% of hospitalized patients reported at least one gastrointestinal (GI) symptom. GI symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting can emerge in parallel or earlier than a dry cough, fever or dyspnea. Respiratory complaints and complications from gastrointestinal symptoms are among the frequent causes of emergency room visits and hospitalization in patients with COVID-19. Symptomatic illness rate remains high at 37,764 per 100,000 across all ages, and hospitalization rate and mortality have been rising from time to time, disproportionally impacting those with weaker immune systems and older populations above 65.

Despite 12,961,382,558 vaccine doses administered globally and COVID-19-specific treatments, disease burden, morbidity, and mortality remain significant, resulting in ongoing pandemic waves in many regions. Over 628,694,943 COVID-19 cases and over 6,576,088 associated deaths have been confirmed since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began.

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